The African and Muslim Discovery of America Before Runoko Rashidi is an anthropologist and historian with a major focus on what he calls the Global African Presence-that is, Africans outside of Africa before and after enslavement. 366A High Road. "A landmark . This paper analyzes one such claim made about Mesoamerica and its supposed West African, Nubian, and Egyptian roots made by Ivan Van Sertima, a former professor of an Ivy League university. His topic will be "The African Presence in Ancient America" at BCC's Davie campus at 11 a.m., and he will be the featured speaker at the "Africa and the Diaspora" program scheduled for 1 to 5 p.m . After the Civil War, the racist legacy of slavery . Olmecs are perhaps best known for the carved colossal heads found in Central Mexico, that exhibit an unmistakably African Negroid appearance. As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans. When the feasibility of African crossings of the Atlantic was not proven and the archaeological evidence undated and unknown, we could in all innocence ignore the most startling of coincidences. % Everybody has to become aware of this revision of history. Similarities across early American and African religions also indicate significant cross-cultural contact. African Presence in Early Asia Google Books For, whether we accept the facts or not, Jairazbhoy appears to have been right when he wrote: The black began his career in America not as slave but as master.48. Early America Revisited is a vigorous defense and amplification of Ivan Van Sertima's classic work, They Came Before Columbus. The work focuses largely on contact between Africa and America towards the close of the Bronze Age (circa 948-680 B.C.) In addition to Mexican scholars, a number of others have described the colossal stone heads in terms similar to those of Melgar. Atlantic Africa and the Spanish Caribbean, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. In using standard scientific measurements of skull shape and the formation of the face, Wiercinski found a clear prevalence of the total Negroid pattern26, In this same vein, historian Frederick Peterson has written that [w]e can trace the progress of man in Mexico without noting any definite Old World influence during this period (1000-650 B.C.) ).30, The name Olmec means Dweller in the land of Rubber and could technically be applied to anyone who lived in the jungle areas of the Mexican Gulf Coast in antiquity.31 For centuries the indigenous people there created and perpetuated a local culture that varied little from its surroundings. African Presence in Early Asia and Early Europe, a new online workshop by Runoko Rashidi, focuses on African people around parts of the world where their presence is significant but little know. We cannot of course reproach the author with what he could not know in 1976. FINAL CALL DEPOPULATION SECTION NOVEMBER 8, 2022, FINAL CALL DEPOPULATION SECTION NOVEMBER 15, 2022, FINAL CALL DEPOPULATION SECTION NOVEMBER 22, 2022, http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/news/3774/did-australian-aborigines-reach-america-first, Listen to Dr. Leonard Barrett speak on the Jewish role in the slave trade. How central the role was that African Americans played has never been completely told and, unfortunately, a pivotal part of that history has been excluded from this exhibit. In his. Prince Easterbrooks - a slave in Lexington who had enlisted in Captain John Parker's militia and who was wounded at Concord, April 19, 1775. 5 0 obj But, in the words of Van Sertima, proof of contact is only half of the story. stream Then, suddenly, sometime after the first millennium B.C., this region became the center of a full-blown civilization that had no detectable antecedents. Ever since Christopher Columbus first suggested that Black Africans preceded him to the New World, a number of scholars have investigated this contention. Book excerpt: Examines cultural analogies between Native Americans and Africans, offering evidence of the presence of African explorers in the New World centuries before the arrival of Columbus. AFRICAN AND AFRICAN AMERICAN MUSLIM PRESENC1, the early stages of development in both England and Colonial America, citizens were responsible for law Examine the English roots of American policing. In the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) founded by Kubilai Khan, the Black presence is visible in a number of notable paintings. African American history began with slavery, as white European settlers first brought Africans to the continent to serve as enslaved workers. The greatest threat towards Africa having a glorious future is her peoples ignorance of Africas glorious past. Tottenham. He attended Princeton University and lectured at more than 100 colleges and universities. In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult.11, Author C.C. BLACK CIVILIZATIONS OF ANCIENT AMERICA (MUU-LAN), MEXICO (XI), Stone carving of a Shaman or priest from Columbia's San Agustine Culture, An ancient West African Oni or King holding similar artifacts as the San Agustine culture stone carving of a Shaman, Meso-American pyramid with stepped appearance, built about 2500 years ago, Stepped Pyramid of Sakkara, Egypt, built over four thousand years ago, compare to Meso-American pyramid. Racial Gaps in Early Childhood Socio-emotional nccp.org, Mesoamerica was yet another world location for the emergence of an early civilization, but Mesoamerican societies were not necessarily connected to a single famous river (like the Nile) as the other early civilizations were, though there were plenty of rivers in the New World. These substances are known to only be derived from American plants. Be the first one to, New Brunswick, U.S.A. : Transaction Publishers, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, America -- Discovery and exploration -- African, urn:lcp:africanpresencei0000unse:lcpdf:e9d7ac7a-7f27-448d-a914-e93f9767cdf9, urn:lcp:africanpresencei0000unse:epub:33e1058d-23e5-49ab-9e20-50b036e1ca76, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). The African Presence in Ancient America: Evidence from Physical Anthropology, in African Presence in Early America. Yurugu: An African-Centered Critique of European Cultural Thought and Behavior Trenton: Africa World Press, 1994. Pope Melchaides (311-314, sometimes known as Meltiades) was persecuted prior to his reign as pope. Muffett, p 155-163. zoz Bernard Ortiz de Montellano, Gabriel Haslip-Viera, and Warren Barbour . Many web browsers, such as Chrome, Firefox, and Safari, now use their own PDF viewer instead of the Adobe PDF plug-in. On the strength of the colossal Olmec heads and other evidence, several early Mexican scholars concurred with Melgars contention that Black people settled the New World, particularly Mexico, in antiquity. Scientific analysis of the surrounding soil suggests that the skeletons date back to about 1250 A.D.28, Any objective analysis of the evidence clearly shows that Black people reached the Americas thousands of years before Columbus. On the very ceremonial court and platform where four of the African-type heads were found in the holy capital of the Olmec world, La Venta. to 1700 B.C.E. The Portuguese, Kongo and Ndongo and the origins of Atlantic Creole culture to 1607 3. Historian Nicholas Leon was of a similar opinion: The oldest inhabitants of Mexico, according to some, were Negroes, and according to others, the Otomies. African Americans are largely the descendants of enslaved people who were brought from their African homelands by force to work in the New World. A bird with a human head also appears in a relief from Izapa, Mexico;37 and Mexican sarcophagi leave an opening in the tomb as do the Egyptians, for the birds escape from the dead.38, Jairazbhoy also shows remarkable similarities between several gods in the Egyptian underworld and those of Olmec Mexico. The volume is profusely illustrated. In truth, Africans began coming to the Americas thousands of years before Columbus; and the evidence of their presence, though systematically ignored by mainstream scholars, is overwhelming and undeniable. Cites Thor Heydals Atlantic crossing to demonstrate the possibility of Egyptians crossing the Atlantic and argues that both East and West Africans had the capacity for trans Atlantic travel . She is also W.E.B. Further Reading "African American History in the American West." Sertima, who published his book They Came before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America in I976.7. The Indus Valley civilization was at its height from about 2200 B.C.E. African Americans are mainly of African ancestry, but many have non-Black ancestors as well. As in Darien, these Africans were also captives of war among the native Americans.6 Also during the sixteenth century after the advent of Columbus, but before the universal enslavement of Africans Cabello de Balboa cited a group of seventeen Black people who, after being shipwrecked in Ecuador, became governors of an entire province of native Americans.7. I reflected that there had undoubtedly been Blacks in this country and this had been in the first epoch of the world. ), Some of the Olmec sculptures depicting human beings are so decidedly Negroid that many scholars long thought that the indigenous Olmec culture itself was of Black origin. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. Nearly a dozen other European explorers also found Black people in the Americas when they reached the Western Hemisphere. It seems that rather than barriers, the Pacific and Atlantic have acted as liquid highways since at least the appearance of the Olmec around 15 BCE. Ranging up to 11.15 feet in height and weighing 30 to 40 tons, these statues generally depict helmeted Black men with large eyes, broad fleshy noses and full lips. The Olmec an African Presence in Early America, Early America Revisited Paperback. 4 0 obj Linda M. Heywood is Professor of African American Studies and History at Boston University. on the Internet. Many readers will find the evidence presented here startling. African Muslims were an integral part of creating America from mapping its borders to fighting against British rule. On Monday [October 13 2014], Americas government offices, businesses, and banks all grind to a halt in order to commemorate Columbus Day. African Americans History & Culture Britannica.com He is the author of Introduction to the Study of African Classical Civilizations] (1993) and the editor of Unchained African Voices, a collection of poetry and prose by Death Row inmates at California's San Quentin maximum-security prison. Global Research endobj Seafaring allowed Europe to conquer the world. To solve the most common PDF-display issues, follow the steps in Troubleshoot viewing PDF files on the web. New Brunswick and Oxford: Transaction Books, 1985. Africa and the Discovery of America - A 1920 Review from the Journal Of Negro History," Leo Weiner, p 164-168. . endobj Muslims first came to North America in the 1500s as part of colonial expeditions. MAA MAAT CENTRE. This high culture is now known as the Olmec civilization. The case for African contacts with pre-Columbian America, in spite of a number of understandable gaps and a few minor elements of contestable data, is no longer based on the fanciful conjecture and speculation of romantics. Van Sertima, Evidence For An African Presence in Pre-Columbian America, op. The most striking similarities between the two cultures are seen in the magnificent stone structures that have been found on both sides of the Atlantic. African presence in early asia pdf Note: All prices in the U.S. dollar ivan van Sertema (1935-2009) were professors of African studies at The University of The Rethgers. Search the history of over 804 billion Visions for Black Men Nashville: Winston-Derek, 1991. 2 0 obj Throughout all of these travels, African explorers have not had a history of starting devastating wars on the people they met. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Ancient sea-going vessel used by the Egyptians and Nubians in ancient times. Collosal head of Afro-Olmec (Xi) warrior-king, circa 1100 B.C. He was visiting professor at Princeton University and lectured at more than one hundred colleges and universities. Early American Scans NetSuite, highlighting the economic and social forces most able to explain the presence or the absence of slave trading in different regions of the world. Early American Scans NetSuite, According to historians such as Wayne B. Chandler (African Presence in Early America), two of Chinas earliest dynaties, the Shang and the Shia, were both heavily Black African/Black Oceanic dynasties, with Mongol Chinese as well. I have never claimed, writes Van Sertima, that Africans created or founded the Olmec civilizationThey left a significant influence upon itand that is more than can be said of any other Old World group visiting the native American or emigrating to the continent before Columbus.34, A study of the Olmec civilization reveals elements that are remarkably similar to the ritual traits and techniques in the Egypto-Nubian world of the same period. Bronze head of an ancient king from Benin, West Africa, The tradition of fine sculpture in West Africa goes back long before 1000 B.C. According to the toltec and aztec legends they both came by sea. 3 examine factors that can contribute to early resilience. The currents off Africa serve as veritable conveyor belts to the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico and the northeastern corner of South America. Of course, some Western historians continue to refute this fact because, consciously or unconsciously, they are still hanging on to the 19th-century notion that seafaring was a European monopoly. except a strong Negroid substratum connected with the Magicians [Olmecs]., Any objective analysis of the evidence clearly shows that Black people reached the Americas thousands of years before Columbus. 4. ASSATA-GARVEY AND ME: A Global African Journey for Children $ 20.00 Read more; BLACK STAR: AFRICAN PRESENCE IN EARLY EUROPE $ 39.95 Read more; AFRICAN STAR OVER ASIA: The Black Presence in the East $ 39.95 Read more; Queens of the Nile & Women of Power Scroll $ 19.95 Read more Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. All these religious similarities are too large and occur far too often to be mere coincidences. Dozens of their skulls and cave writings have been found dating back to 50,000 years. Van Sertima states that what clinches the argument for the African presence in early (pre-Columbian) America are the skulls and skeletons of African people that were found on the ancient Olmec site. Sitchin goes on stating that ther were two distinct fluxes of deities and people: one originated the myth of Viracocha, the other originated the myth of Quetzalcoatl. 128 views, 4 likes, 4 loves, 54 comments, 6 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Williams Chapel Church: Williams Chapel Church was live. How central the role was that African Americans played has never been completely told and, unfortunately, a pivotal part of that history has been excluded from this exhibit. Olmecian and Egyptian pyramids were both placed on the same north-south axis and had strikingly similar construction methods. In Egyptian mythology the human headed bird, Ba, flies out of the tomb. Pope Victor I (AD 189-199) popularized Latin as the common language of the church, thereby making Christianity more democratic and accessible to ordinary people. Other indicators include, astronomy, art, writing systems, flora and fauna. For example, there are hand-shaped incense spoons found in Olmec sites that are almost identical to their Eyptian counterparts and have similar names. While we could continue to cite infinite similarities between ancient African and New World cultures in various fields including linguistics and botany, let us turn instead to consider the likely origin of the Africans who appear to have reached and profoundly influenced American culture thousands of years before Columbus. African Presence in Early America by Ivan Van Sertima, ed. 5 Ancient Black Civilizations That Were Not in Africa Melgars mind, wrote art historian Alexander von Wuthenau, not yet tainted by certain currents of modern (and perhaps not so modern) anthropology, reacted quite normally to this newly found evidence of [the] black mans presence in ancient America. African Presence in Early America. African Americans, one of the largest of the many ethnic groups in the United States. Historian Nicholas Cheetham writes of the exaggeratedly Negroid features of the stone heads.20 Finally, another scholar, Floyd Hayes, has provided the following thought provoking assessment of the racial significance of the colossal stone heads: One might merely ask himself: if Africans were not present in the Americas before Columbus, why the typically African physiognomy on the monuments? 102-117. A number of black leftists survived the most repressive years of the early Cold War to participate in the post-war African American civil rights movement. Armah . It asserted the historical participation of Black Africa as far back as the birth of the Egyptian civilization. "The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. In his Journal of the Second Voyage, Columbus wrote that when he reached Haiti, then labeled Espanola, the native people told him that black skinned people had come from the south and southeast in ships trading in gold tipped metal spears. Three early popes were African. For instance, ancient portraits of the Quetzalcoatl, a messiah serpent god, and Ek-ahua, the god of war, are unquestionably Negro with dark skin and wooly hair. Wars, civil unrest and the dynamics of enslavement in West Central Africa, 1607-60 4. 6 0 obj On the very ceremonial court and platform where four of the African-type heads were found in the holy capital of the Olmec world, La Venta. The Indian scholar, Rafique Jairazbhoy, has studied the ancient Egyptians and the Olmecs in great detail and has pointed to many other ritual parallels between the two groups. The great ancient civilizations of Egypt and West Africa traveled to the Americas, contributing immensely to early American civilization by importing the art of pyramid building, political systems and religious practices as well as mathematics, writing and a sophisticated calendar. Sun 17 September 2017 16:00 - 19:00. Alex Stevens they way africans view africa is the correct way, just a place on the other side of the continent. AFRICA & ANCIENT IRELAND AFRICA TO IBERIA, be revised before people could look again at the hypothesis of an African presence in early America. Runoko Rashidied, African Presence in Early Asia, US, Transaction Publishers, 1995. [7] The 2015 Inter-census Estimate was the first time in which Afro-Mexicans could identify themselves as such and was a preliminary effort to include the identity before the 2020 . Published online: 30 January 2020 Summary The presence of Africans in Asia and their migration around it is one of the least-studied subjects in all of Asian history. This volume presents what is presently known about the links between Africa and America before the age of Columbus. Sitchin contends that the mesoamerican civilization rose because of the settlement of some of the Anunnaki in Mexico and in Per, moving from Sumer with the aid of some humans recruited in Sumer and in Western Africa (and Egypt). The first civilization to appear in America, called the Olmec culture was founded by AfricansThe original Maya were probably AfricansThe Aztecs, Zapotecs, Toltecs, and Maya usually occupied. Out of Stock. Viracocha was described in legends as a tall man with long beard, pale skin and using a rod that emitted thunders and lightnings; Quetzalcoatl was the Feathered serpent, tall and mastering of the secret of arts and time. Dr. Runoko Rashidi, They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient Editors note: This article was originally published in 2014. Contrary to popular belief, African American history did not start with slavery in the New World. It makes a convincing case for pre-Columbian contacts between Africa and America before the era of the slave trade. Ani, Marimba. What cultural impact did the outsiders have on American civilization?. According to Von Wuthenau, [t]he startling fact is that in all parts of Mexico, from Campeche in the east to the southeast of Guerrero, and from Chiapas, next to the Guatemalan border, to the Panuco River in the Huasteca region (north of Veracruz) archeological pieces representing Negro or Negroid people have been found, especially in archaic or pre-classic sites. Conspicuous among these shared elements are those adopted by the monarchies in both civilizations, and appear in a combination too arbitrary and unique to be independently duplicated.. 7 0 obj The Olmec civilization, which was of African origin and dominated by Africans, was the first significant civilization in Mesoamerica and the Mother Culture of Mexico. In a very ancient epoch, wrote historian Riva Palacio, or before the existence of the Otomies [native Americans] or better yet invading them, the Black race occupied our territory This race brought its religious ideas and its own cult., Author C.C. ed. Everybody has to become aware of this revision of history. Report [ZIP - 21 MB] The Archaeology of 290 Broadway [PDF - 22 MB] How African was the early human dispersal out of Africa, Dr. Scobie was a major authority on the African presence in early Western Europe. Contact him on [emailprotected], Comment on Global Research Articles on our Facebook page, Disclaimer: The contents of this article are of sole responsibility of the author(s). CIIS Library Database. He also appeared before a Congressional Committee on July 7, 1987 to challenge the Columbus myth. Professor Everett Borders notes another very important indication of African presence, which is the nature of early American pyramids. Van Sertima, Egypto-Nubian Presences in Ancient America, op. Mayan and African oral traditions speak of pre-Columbian expeditions across the Atlantic from east to west; Who, then, were the Africans who sailed to America in antiquity? Google non verifica le recensioni, ma controlla e rimuove i contenuti falsi quando vengono identificati, Varieties of African American Religious Experience. Even among the Maya, where Dr. Hammond has found 2000 B.C. Are you ready to meet us and our scholars in the public so that the world may see who is a liar and who is telling the truth? Face of Afro-Olmec child carved on the waste "belt" of an Olmec ballplayer, Back to Historical Views | AfricaSpeaks.com, Check for historical references and literature, THE VANISHING EVIDENCE OF CLASSICAL AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS. However, during the early 1940s archeologists uncovered a civilization known as the Olmecs of 1200 BC, which pre-dated any other advanced civilization in the Americas. The Olmec an African Presence in Early America Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Jews Selling Blacks: Slave Sale Advertising by American Jews, "I Have Been Vindicated," Interview Final Call, 1992, How the Jews Crushed a Black Slave Revolt. <> In describing the Olmec head, Melgar wrote that what astonished me was the Ethiopic [Black African] type which it represents. The African presence is proven by stone heads, terra cottas, skeletons, artifacts, techniques and inscriptions, by oral traditions and documented history, by botanical, linguistic and cultural data. 7-The Underrepresentation of African American Female The outcome, I believe, is a comprehensive explanation of why and how the African slave trade expanded to unprecedented levels during the early modern period. 7-The Underrepresentation of African American Female, The Olmecs: An African Presence in Early America (In Celebration of Black History Month) By Paul A. Barton The Perspective February 28, 2001 According to an archeologist who recently participated in archeological work in Mexico, One of the most ancient civilizations in the Americas, the Black (Negritic) Olmecs developed a calendar that goes To order the pamphlet, visit heydaybooks.com. One might merely ask himself: if Africans were not present in the Americas before Columbus, why the typically African physiognomy on the monuments? This is no longer possible. Even among the Maya, where Dr. Hammond has found 2000 B.C. Despite its great size, the workmanship is delicate and sure, its proportions perfect The features are bold and amazingly negroid in character.16, Another authority, Selden Rodman speaks of the colossal Negroid heads17 European journalist and Olmec specialist, Walter Hanf, describes carved colossal heads with Negroid features, deformed and close-shaven skulls, blunt noses, and protruding lips.18 Author and anthropologist Sharon McKern states that the colossal heads are inescapably Negroid.19. Part I. Chief among them was the American Olmec specialist Matthew Stirling. In light of the vast evidence available (far more, for example, than that of the Vikings) of an African presence in ancient America, why is this information virtually unknown to the general public? The Olmec an African Presence in Early America The best known artifacts are the giant stone heads, which phenotypically resemble modern day Africans. 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