This included the aforementioned air god Enlil, air goddess Ninlil, moon god Nanna, and sun god Utu. Two other apparent fossilized expressions are arz-'l 'cedars of God' (generally translated something like 'mighty cedars', 'goodly cedars') in Psalm 80:10 (in Hebrew verse 11) and kharr-'l 'mountains of God' (generally translated something like 'great mountains', 'mighty mountains') in Psalm 36:7 (in Hebrew verse 6). Marduk, in Mesopotamian religion, the chief god of the city of Babylon and the national god of Babylonia; as such, he was eventually called simply Bel, or Lord. Egyptian Mythology: Ra and the Sun Boat (God of Sun)#EgyptianMythology #Mythology #SeeUinHistory #History #MythologyExplained For example, although Engur was the original personification of the Abzu, it was later declared that Enki, who was something of a stepson to him, was in charge of all water, and even later, the Abzu was deemed a deity in and of itself in the Babylonian version of events. Utu was also known as the god of truth and justice because he was deemed to be able to see everything from his vantage point. [22]With the emergence of Enlil as the chief god of the land, Nippur, also transliterated as Nibru, became the center of Mesopotamian religion. The m-enclitic appears elsewhere in the Tanakh and in other Semitic languages. She was the goddess of love, beauty, sexuality, justice, and war. Ownership of Nippur was proof that Enlil wanted him to be king. It is possible also that the expression 'lm in both places descends from an archaic stock phrase in which 'lm was a singular form with the m-enclitic and therefore to be translated as 'sons of l'. Daughter to Enlil and the twin sister of Utu, she had another sibling called Ereshkigal, who was the goddess in charge of the Netherworld. Additionally, these deities were depicted to either be human in form or, at the very least, anthropomorphic. [20]His name was rarely used as the theophoric element in personal names before the Akkadian conquest of Southern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC.[21]. He was one of the rare unilaterally good gods who oversaw the maintaining of law and order in the land, and he was said to protect what was good and banish evil. Said to be in control of female fertility, sexual love, reproduction, and war, she was a catalyst of both life and death, showering the civilization with blessings when pleased. Sumerian myth dictates that while almost every Sumerian god was a powerful being with supernatural abilities at their disposal, they were far from being the kind of omnipotent, supreme deity we have become accustomed to thanks to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. And the great council of all the Holy Ones. They include Ugaritic ilu, pl. An was said to be both the brother and husband of Ki, the goddess of the Earth, and was at some points considered the de facto father of all creation. In the P strand, Exodus 6:3 may be translated: I revealed myself to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob as l Shaddi, but was not known to them by my name, YHVH. [1]Lluis Feliu, Concerning the Etymology of Enlil: The An=Anum Approach.Aula Orientalis-Supplementa22 (2006), p. 229. Presumably these sons have been fathered on Athirat by l; in following passages they seem to be the gods ('ilm) in general or at least a large portion of them. Specific deities known as 'El, 'Al or 'Il include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion[9] and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Mesopotamia's Early Dynastic Period. [11] l is listed at the head of many pantheons. Under the names Zeus, the storm-god of the Greeks, and Baal, the West Semitic storm-god, he was unmasked by Jesus and identified as Satan. When viewed as applying to the King of Tyre specifically, the king was probably not thinking of Yahweh. Im not aware of any research into whether these events and the emergence of Enlils new title, Great Mountain, are connected, but it seems unlikely that they were a coincidence. [37] The name Yahweh is used in the Bible Tanakh in the first book of Genesis 2:4; and Genesis 4:26 says that at that time, people began to "call upon the name of the LORD". Gulas cult center was Umma, but her popularity stretched to Adab, Nippur, Lagash, Uruk, and Ur. However, it wasnt just heaven and Earth; there was also the Netherworld or Kur, which was a bleak, dark, underground version of Earth which was home to every deceased soul regardless of their actions on the living plane. [23]W. G. Lambert,Studies in Marduk.Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1984, Vol. While the Hurrians remained in the Outer Fertile Crescent, the Amorites moved south along the Euphrates and Tigris during the second half of the third millennium BC. Although the gods Nanna and Enlil refused to come to her aid, good old Enki sprang into action and tried to have Inanna extracted from the Nether realm. Sumerians said one year on planet Nibiru, a sar, was equivalent in time to 3600 earth years. One version of the myth states that when Enlil proposed the idea of creating humans to Nammu, she told him that she could make such beings with the help of Enki who was also her son. Either way, she went on to enlist the help of Enki to create a clay figurine in the image of the gods themselves. Mesopotamians believed these pyramid temples connected heaven and earth. He was also known as Ningirsu and was sometimes portrayed as the god of hunting. I discussed the moon-god in some detail in my book on the spiritual forces behind Islam,Bad Moon Rising. In many works of ancient art, one might find images of strange creatures carrying what appears to be a handbag. However, Cross (1973, p.17) translated the text as follows: The Eternal One ('Olam) has made a covenant oath with us, [4]Christopher B. Hays, Enlil, Isaiah, and the Origins of thellm: A Reassessment.Zeitschrift fr die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 132(2) (2020), p. 226. 268-278. Enlil and Kumarbi supplanted Anu, while El took the place of amm (Heaven). The following verses in which the god condemns those whom he says were previously named gods (Elohim) and sons of the Most High suggest the god here is in fact l judging the lesser gods. The sun gods appearance was similar to those of other important deities of the region, with a knife and some rays of fire differentiating him from his peers. Sumerian king Ur-Nammu standing before the god Enlil The chief god of Mesopotamia before the political rise of Babylon was the deity called the "Great Mountain," Enlil. The goddess was also said to have crafted a set of legislations that shaped the code of law and etiquette in the area. [6]Frank Moore Cross,Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 41. However it can also mean that Yahweh stands in the Divine Council (generally known as the Council of l), as l judging among the other members of the council. Other establishments dedicated to him were the temple Kurigalzu I and a ziggurat called Elugalgalgasisa. Some non-specialists have made videos on the . So how did this group of Canaanite El-worshippers come in contact with the cult of Yhwh? Personal names including the stem l are found with similar patterns in both Amorite and Sabaic. . In most Babylonian texts it is identified with the planet Jupiter. As the Chief Deity of Hathra, he was known as "Shamiyah." Note the horns in the photo of the sculpture at left. Gula was also known as Ninisina, Nintinuga, Ninkarrak, and Meme. he judges among the gods (Elohim). Likewise, the Sumerian god Anu was represented by the same pointed star inside a solar disk. Utus chief place of worship was at Sippar, with the temple being called the White House. ama (Sumerian Utu) is the god of the sun. [43] The slaying of the serpent in myth is a deed attributed to both Ba'al Hadad and 'Anat in the Ugaritic texts, but not to l.[44]. [17]The Hurrians (the Horites of the Bible) and Amorites were among the tribes Joshua and the Israelites had to push out of Canaan. Considering the number of gods in the Mesopotamian pantheon, its significant that Amorites in Akkad and Sumer during the lifetime of Abraham only honored two of them. For the Canaanites and the ancient Levantine region as a whole, l or Il was the supreme god, the father of mankind and all creatures. The god was later known as Shamash. [42] It is Yahweh who is prophesied to one day battle Leviathan the serpent, and slay the dragon in the sea in Isaiah 27:1. He then lay with them, and they gave birth to Shachar ("Dawn") and Shalim ("Dusk"). Why Nippur was chosen is anyones guess. The Hebrew form () appears in Latin letters in Standard Hebrew transcription as El and in Tiberian Hebrew transcription as l. An. Psalm 29, understood as an enthronement psalm, begins: A Psalm of David. She then proceeded to turn it into a living, breathing human with the help of seven goddesses including Ninmah, who played the role of a midwife. In astrology, Capricorn is considered an earth sign, negative sign, and one of the four cardinal signs. [7]Rients de Boer, Amorites in the Early Old Babylonian Period (Dissertation: Leiden University, 2014), p. 69. also devised for Cronus as insignia of royalty four eyes in front and behind but two of them quietly closed, and upon his shoulders four wings, two as spread for flying, and two as folded. In fact, the Akkadian root Ilu from which the semitic theonym El is derived has its origin in the Sumero-Akkadian religious culture and was associated with Anu. Capricorn is said to be ruled by the planet Saturn. A trilingual god list from Ugarit, composed during the time of the judges, confirms that the Amorites, Hurrians, Akkadians, and Sumerians all worshiped the god with this handy linguistic equation: Enlil = Kumarbi = El. Sumerians honoured ca 1000 gods, about fifty of whom were considered the main gods, and espe-cially important were seven gods - the Great Seven. But the form 'El also appears, mostly in poetic passages and in the patriarchal narratives attributed to the Priestly source of the documentary hypothesis. To the people of the ancient world, Enlil, like El and Kumarbi, bridged the gap between time immemorial and the present day. [16], The Egyptian god Ptah is given the title gitti 'Lord of Gath' in a prism from Tel Lachish which has on its opposite face the name of Amenhotep II (c. 14351420 BCE). The functions of different gods tended to vary by city states, but of the Great Seven. [6]In my view, this is Fallen Realm Fake News to diminish the true God of heaven (and earth, and all creation) by slandering the sky-god as remote, disinterested, and, in some accounts, literally neutered. l (also 'Il, Ugaritic: lu; Phoenician: l;[6] Hebrew: l; Syriac: yl; Arabic: l or ilh; cognate to Akkadian: , romanized:ilu) is a Northwest Semitic word meaning "god" or "deity", or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. How old is the United States of America? This is the form under which l/Cronus appears on coins from Byblos from the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175164 BCE) four spread wings and two folded wings, leaning on a staff. Cognate forms of l are found throughout the Semitic languages. Later, perhaps referring to this same death of Sadidus we are told: But on the occurrence of a pestilence and mortality Cronus offers his only begotten son as a whole burnt-offering to his father Sky and circumcises himself, compelling his allies also to do the same. Enlils importance was immense as he was said to be the being that granted kingship to kings, and the force behind most of the aspects of the universe. Members of the Mesopotamian pantheon were immortal, and as long as they were above the Netherworld, had an aura about them called melammu, which was described as a glow which instantly distinguished them from mere mortals. They developed a pretty rough reputation, especially the Tidanu tribe (about whom more later), that contributed to the collapse of the last Sumerian kingdom to rule Mesopotamia. tures and ages have added to it. Nanna was depicted as a bearded man sitting on a throne with a symbolic crescent moon in the sky. [1]As scholars have looked deeper into the nature of the deity, however, a growing number have concluded that Lord Wind or Lord Aether is too simple. They also said Anunnaki lifespans were 120 sars which is 120 x 3600 or 432,000 years. The earliest writings of both are roughly contemporary, and occur interchangeably. The true etymologies of both Nanna and Su'en remain unclear ( Krebernik 1993-98b: 360-64). [10] Among the Hittites, El was known as Elkunirsa. These temples began as little more than elaborate buildings, but as construction became more advanced, they were transformed into massive ziggurats, Babylonian pyramids, and a home to religious traditions and celebrations. Other cult centers of renown include Agade and Nineveh. There was also no cult formed to worship her, and it is said that she is the same entity as the goddesses Ninmah, Ninhursag, and Nintu, among others. While Nammu may have been considered to be higher up in earlier forms of the religion, Sumerian goddess Inanna was unquestionably the most important female deity in the history of ancient Mesopotamia , and one of the most revered goddesses from all ancient civilizations. Kmr is roughly halfway between Aleppo and the Amuq Valley, right in the middle of an area that includes ancient Antioch, a city of some importance to the early Christian church; Mount Zaphon (modern Jebel al-Aqra), the mountain on which Baals palace was believed to sit; and the Amanus Mountains, the significance of which well explain as we get deeper into this book. Mesopotamian Gods and Astrology. Shamash, as the solar deity, exercised the power of light over darkness and evil. 87, No. Such mythological motifs are variously seen as late survivals from a period when Yahweh held a place in theology comparable to that of Hadad at Ugarit; or as late henotheistic/monotheistic applications to Yahweh of deeds more commonly attributed to Hadad; or simply as examples of eclectic application of the same motifs and imagery to various different gods. That makes the etymology of Enlils name easier to grasp: Rather than Sumerianen+ll, his name most likely derives from a doubling of the Semitic wordilu(god): il + il, meaning god of gods,[4]or god of all the gods.[5]. Shamash was the son of Sin. While there are a number of "central characters" in the myths and legends of the Anunnaki, much of the action revolves around these two sibling rivals. Saturn's Black Cube holds a massive tank that acts as a harvesting station for blood sacrifice from human beings, in any way . The movement of the Sun . She was also a consort to Enki at some point, and had three children: Ninurta, Ashgi, and Panigingarra. through the bond of heaven and earth for ever, [22]. Another interesting concept that was common in the Sumerian civilization was that of patron deities. El Elyon also corresponds to the Sumerian Anu, as well. Ascribe to Yahweh, glory and strength. These entities gave birth to An, the god of the sky which doubled as heaven, and Ki, who represented the Earth. Such images continued to appear on coins until after the time of Augustus. His cult featured princesses as priestesses, who were given residence in a building called a Gipar. The point of this geography lesson is that it was from this general area, northwest of Sumer and Akkad, that the Amorites migrated into southern Mesopotamia, bringing with them the worship of the god,il-il(Enlil). . The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. A bilingual inscription from Palmyra[52] dated to the 1st century equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth with the Greek god Poseidon. Rather than exhausting the subject after the point has been made, we'll summarize: The chief god of the Roman pantheon, the deity worshiped in the Capitolium, was the storm-god, Jupiter. The highest echelon of gods in Sumerian religion were known as the Anunnaki. Accessed April 18, 2023. This parallel pleads against the Amorites as newcomers, because such a phenomenon is typically the result of long-term contact and/or acculturation. Its not a stretch to theorize that the cult of the god, Kumarbi/El/Enlil, was carried to Harran by travelers along that route over the centuries. [11]Today, its home to about six hundred souls in war-torn Afrin province of northwestern Syria; in the second millennium BC, it belonged to a kingdom called Mukish, which is likely why Hurrian religious texts name Kumarbis vizier as Mukishanu.[12]. lm; Aramaic l; Akkadian ilu, pl. Cronus, also spelled Cronos or Kronos, in ancient Greek religion, male deity who was worshipped by the pre-Hellenic population of Greece but probably was not widely worshipped by the Greeks themselves; he was later identified with the Roman god Saturn. [18], In any case, Enlils emergence as the kingmaker of Mesopotamia doesnt extend as far back in Sumerian history as was thought. It is believed that Nammu held greater importance in earlier times, but as there are no written records of those times, this is impossible to say with certainty. In an ancient seal that dates back to the period, Inanna was depicted to have several weapons ready on her back, a horned helmet, wings, and with her foot on a lion whose leash she was holding. In fact, legends spoke of how he had Nanna and Utu illuminate the sky after being unhappy about the darkness in his heavenly home. Ba'al Hadad is a few times called l's son rather than the son of Dagan as he is normally called, possibly because l is in the position of a clan-father to all the gods. One of the key points to her story was her love affair with Dumuzi, the god of shepherds, and how she ended up being the cause for his demise. [17] (However, in the Ugaritic texts, Ptah is seemingly identified rather with the craftsman god Kothar-wa-Khasis. (Father of Heaven / Saturn) and his major son: "Hadad" (Father of Earth / Jupiter), are symbolized both . Named after the Earth itself, Ki was a direct descendent of Nammu. He brings light and warmth to the land, allowing plants and crops to grow. And the king will do according to his pleasure; and he will exalt himself and magnify himself over every god ('l), and against the God of Gods ('El 'Elm) he will speak outrageous things, and will prosper until the indignation is accomplished: for that which is decided will be done. The ziggurat at Ur, the only one left of such structures remaining from ancient Summer, was a temple dedicated to the Moon. With his life-giving energies, Utu also helped plants grow. The text ends with an incantation for the cure of some disease, possibly hangover.[33][34]. But Enlils prestige continued for centuries afterward. Also at Delos, that association of Tyrians, though mostly devoted to Heracles-Melqart, elected a member to bear a crown every year when sacrifices to Poseidon took place. Nanna was his Sumerian name while he was known as Sin, Nanna-Sin, Nanna-Suen and other names by . It appears that the moon-god was considered the god of the Amurru-landin other words, the god of the Amorites: We may reasonably conclude, therefore, that the god worshiped by the nomadic Amurru-peoples in the Balikh-Harran region by the epithets Amurru and Bl ad, at the time of the Mari and Old Babylonian texts, was a lunar deity. Essentially the supreme lord of all the gods and mortals according to Mesopotamian religion. This is the position of Frank Moore Cross (1973). Emesh was depicted as a farmer. Moreover, they were also meant to live leisurely lives and be treated as whimsical masters at best, ominously present just beyond sight and sound as temperamental overseers to humans. By the time of Abraham, around 1900 BC, Amorites controlled nearly everything from western Iran to the Mediterranean. Unlike Ereshkigal, the healing goddess of Sumer had a much brighter reputation in the region. He created the trees and fertile fields and was the brother of Enten, the god of winter. There is even evidence of cults which considered Nanna to be the primary god. Three of the four chapels at its headquarters on the hill northwest of the Sacred Lake were dedicated to Poseidon, the Tyche of the city equated with Astarte (that is 'Ashtart), and to Eshmun. However, he was far from being autonomous, as his actions were almost entirely dictated by Enlil, with Enki being something of an agent of execution. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: James Hardy, "The 10 Most Important Sumerian Gods", History Cooperative, April 22, 2022, https://historycooperative.org/sumerian-gods/. Inanna. Like most ancient civilizations, the Sumerians came to believe that just about every earthly phenomenon, anthropological aspect, and astronomical event was somehow controlled by unseen deities. With more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, the pantheon is immense. There were more than 3,000 Sumerian gods and goddesses, and the four most well-known gods in the Sumerian religion were An, Ki, Enlil and Enki. Going back to the 8th century BCE, the bilingual inscription[53] at Karatepe in the Taurus Mountains equates l-Creator-of-the-Earth to Luwian hieroglyphs read as da-a-,[54] this being the Luwian form of the name of the Babylonian water god Ea, lord of the abyss of water under the earth. The bloodcurdling truth is that Judaism has always been a cult of Saturn from its beginning. Reply Quote. We can see immediately the moon-god Erah and El (God) are the two most popular (and only) theophoric elements in these early Amorite personal names. The 8-pointed star is the pentacle of Jupiter. l is the father of Persephone and of Athena (presumably the goddess 'Anat). Three pantheon lists found at Ugarit (modern Ras ShamrArabic: , Syria) begin with the four gods 'il-'ib (which according to Cross;[28] is the name of a generic kind of deity, perhaps the divine ancestor of the people), l, Dagnu (that is Dagon), and Ba'l apn (that is the god Haddu or Hadad). 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