He became a leading figure in the socially important Triangle Club, a dramatic society, and was elected to one of the leading clubs of the university. 1908-09 [395][396] While writing This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald quoted verbatim entire letters sent to him by his Catholic mentor, Father Sigourney Fay. The Great Gatsby is today widely considered the great American novel.. [256] On the night of December20, 1940, Fitzgerald and Graham attended the premiere of This Thing Called Love. He wrote primarily during the 1920s, and he has brought the Jazz Age of that decade to life for an. [347][348], The perception of Fitzgerald as the chronicler of the Jazz Age and its insouciant youth led various societal figures to denounce his writings. When I was little I got to see a huge spread of them," she notes. [365] Although scholars posit different explanations for the continuation of class differences in the United States, there is a consensus regarding Fitzgerald's belief in its underlying permanence. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [249] His failure in Hollywood pushed him to return to drinking, and he drank nearly 40 beers a day in 1939. If you find that you're not, I hope you have the strength to start all over again.". Paul. His private life, with his wife, Zelda, in both America and France, became almost as celebrated as his novels. [175] Fitzgerald later rewrote Rosemary Hoytone of the central characters in Tender is the Nightto mirror Moran. [251] During his work on Winter Carnival (1939), Fitzgerald had an alcoholic relapse and sought treatment by New York psychiatrist Richard Hoffmann. [396] Fitzgerald acquiesced to this request, but the passages were restored in later reprints after Fitzgerald's death. [340][341] In contrast to the older Lost Generation to which Fitzgerald and Hemingway belonged, the Jazz Age generation were younger Americans who had been adolescents during World War I and were largely untouched by the devastating conflict's psychological and material horrors. Fitzgerald was buried instead with a simple Protestant service at Rockville Cemetery. [121] Fitzgerald viewed his stories as worthless except for "Winter Dreams", which he described as his first attempt at the Gatsby idea. "[359] He "sensed a corruption in the rich and mistrusted their might. Scott Fitzgerald in "Echoes of the Jazz Age" (1931)[92], Living in luxury at the Biltmore Hotel in New York City,[93] the newlywed couple became national celebrities, as much for their wild behavior as for the success of Fitzgerald's novel. Remember? [g][198] Despite his annoyance, he insisted upon few revisions to the work,[h] and he persuaded Perkins to publish Zelda's novel. [287], More so than most contemporary writers of his era, F. Scott Fitzgerald's authorial voice evolved and matured over time,[288] and his each successive novel represented a discernible progression in literary quality. The Great Gatsby (1925), the novel for which Fitzgerald has become most well known, met only limited success upon its publication. [367] Consequently, Fitzgerald's characters are trapped in a rigid American class system. After Edward's business failed, he was employed by Proctor and Gamble, and the family transferred to Buffalo . Scott and Zelda had a tumultuous relationship, characterized by excessive drinking, partying, and fighting. She, plus various relatives, museums, Yale University and collectors own the dolls included in the book. "[322] Gertrude Stein posited that Fitzgerald had surpassed contemporary writers such as Hemingway due to his masterful ability to write in natural sentences. F. Scott Fitzgerald declared to himself: "Great art is the contempt of a great man for small art" ( N 162). July 30, 2012. [419] Other theatrical productions of Fitzgerald's life include Frank Wildhorn's 2005 musical Waiting for the Moon,[420] and a musical produced by the Japanese Takarazuka Revue. [266] When Zelda died in a fire at the Highland Hospital in 1948, she was buried next to him in Rockville Cemetery. [214] When Ober ceased advancing money, an ashamed Fitzgerald severed ties with his agent believing Ober had lost faith in him due to his alcoholism. [174] In Hollywood, the Fitzgeralds attended parties where they danced the black bottom and mingled with film stars. In The Great Gatsby, the Jazz Age is integral to the plot. [103] He became close friends with critics George Jean Nathan and H. L. Mencken, the influential co-editors of The Smart Set magazine who led an ongoing cultural war against puritanism in American arts. While Fitzgerald was probably not trying to specifically present existentialism in his works, Finkelstein describes Fitzgerald's work as having an existential theme: "F. Scott Fitzgerald was of . Some of Fitzgeralds finest short stories appeared in All the Sad Young Men (1926), particularly The Rich Boy and Absolution, but it was not until eight years later that another novel appeared. Later he became conscious of his damaged wings and of their construction and he learned to think and could not fly any more because the love of flight was gone and he could only remember when it had been effortless. "[98], As Fitzgerald was one of the most celebrated novelists during the Jazz Age, many admirers sought his acquaintanceship. I hope it's beautiful and a foola beautiful little fool. [336] Critic Paul Rosenfeld wrote that many of Fitzgerald's short stories "lie on a plane inferior to the one upon which his best material extends. But he's buried in Rockville,. Fitzgerald portrays the American Dream in the character of Jay Gatsby. The Fitzgeralds troubled family life has inspired numerous biographies, novels, movies, and TV series. [326] After reading Gatsby, Gertrude Stein declared that Fitzgerald would "be read when many of his well-known contemporaries are forgotten. [193] In his private diary, Mencken noted Zelda "went insane in Paris a year or so ago, and is still plainly more or less off her base. [139] "The whole idea of Gatsby", he later explained, "is the unfairness of a poor young man not being able to marry a girl with money. [62], Seeking his fortune in New York, Fitzgerald worked for the Barron Collier advertising agency and lived in a single room in Manhattan's West Side. [192], In April 1932, when the psychiatric clinic allowed Zelda to travel with her husband, Fitzgerald took her to lunch with critic H. L. Mencken, by then the literary editor of The American Mercury. [174] He agreed and moved into a studio-owned bungalow with Zelda in January 1927. The Red Cross distributed the novel to prisoners in Japanese and German POW camps. F. Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born on September 24, 1896, in St. Paul, Minnesota, to parents Edward and Mary (Mollie) McQuillan Fitzgerald. "Must all male Negroes in your books and stories be called 'bucks?'" he asked. [368], Much of Fitzgerald's fiction is informed by his life experiences as a societal outsider. [149] Fitzgerald declined a $10,000 offer for the serial rights, as it would delay the book's publication. [363], Following Fitzgerald's death, scholars focused on how Fitzgerald's fiction dissects the entrenched class disparities in American society. [e][163][164] "I always felt a story in the [Saturday Evening] Post was tops", Zelda later recalled, "But Scott couldn't stand to write them. [28], Despite the great distance separating them, Fitzgerald still attempted to pursue Ginevra, and he traveled across the country to visit her family's Lake Forest estate. F. Scott Fitzgerald, study by Gordon Bryant ( Shadowland, January 1921). In 1993, a new edition was published as The Love of the Last Tycoon, edited by Matthew J. Bruccoli. At the Biltmore, Scott did handstands in the lobby,[94] while Zelda slid down the hotel banisters. [258] Upon entering the apartment, Culver stated, "I'm afraid he's dead. His friend H. L. Mencken wrote in a June 1934 diary entry that "the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald has become distressing. "[289], After Fitzgerald's death, writers such as John Dos Passos assayed Fitzgerald's gradual progression in literary quality and posited that his uncompleted fifth novel The Last Tycoon could have been Fitzgerald's greatest achievement. During her youth, Zelda Sayre's wealthy Southern family employed half-a-dozen domestic servants, many of whom were African-American. Other common themes in his work include society and class, wealth and materialism, and romantic idealism. [68] In the wake of Fitzgerald's rejection by Ginevra two years prior, his subsequent rejection by Zelda dispirited him. [285] In 1990, Hofstra University established the F. Scott Fitzgerald Society, which later became an affiliate of the American Literature Association. [228] He later referred to this period of decline in his life as "The Crack-Up" in a short story. [22][23] The couple began a romantic relationship spanning several years. This Side of Paradise sold approximately 40,000 copies in the first year. The novel's plot follows a young artist and his wife who become dissipated and bankrupt while partying in New York City. [321] By eliminating the earlier defects in his writing, he had upgraded from "a brilliant improvisateur" to "a conscientious and painstaking artist. [182], The Fitzgeralds rented "Ellerslie", a mansion near Wilmington, Delaware, until 1929. [309], Although critics deemed The Beautiful and Damned to be less ground-breaking than its predecessor,[310][311] many recognized that the vast improvement in literary form and construction between his first and second novels augured great prospects for Fitzgerald's future. [304] His works skewered those "who take all of the privileges of the European ruling class and assume none of its responsibilities". Elizabeth Squire , William Sayre, ? [225], By that same year, Zelda's intense suicidal mania necessitated her extended confinement at the Highland Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina. Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1896 to an Irish-Catholic family, Fitzgerald was named after a famous distant cousin, Francis Scott Key, author of "The Star-Spangled Banner.". [173], In 1926, film producer John W. Considine Jr. invited Fitzgerald to Hollywood during its golden age to write a flapper comedy for United Artists. - F. Scott Fitzgerald. [361] H. L. Mencken believed Fitzgerald's myopic focus upon the rich detracted from the broader relevance of his societal observations. [386], Wilson attempted to convince Fitzgerald to write about America's social problems, but Fitzgerald did not believe that fiction should be used as a political instrument. The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Although he completed four novels and more than 150 short stories in his lifetime, he is perhaps best remembered for his third novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). [60] Several of Fitzgerald's friends opposed the match, as they deemed Zelda ill-suited for him. [10] As a boy, Fitzgerald was described by his peers as unusually intelligent with a keen interest in literature. The novel's success allowed him to marry Zelda and made him a celebrity at the age of 23. . At 44 years of age, F. Scott Fitzgerald, suffering a massive heart attack, was dead. "For years, I thought our family had all the dolls. In a letter, Fitzgerald insisted he only became an alcoholic after college. THE GREAT GATSBY is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922. He also had an intensely romantic imagination, what he once called a heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, and he charged into experience determined to realize those promises. Although she initially rejected Fitzgerald's marriage proposal due to his lack of financial prospects, Zelda agreed to marry him after he published the commercially successful This Side of Paradise (1920). [213] The cost of his opulent lifestyle and Zelda's medical bills quickly caught up, placing him in constant debt. The family tree for F. Scott Fitzgerald should not be considered exhaustive or authoritative. 24. [159] Most notable among them was a relatively unknown Ernest Hemingway, whom Fitzgerald first met in May 1925 and grew to admire. "[398], Fitzgerald continued this practice throughout his life. His debut novel, The Fitzgeralds' French identity card photos, 1929. Paul. [107], During this hedonistic era, alcohol increasingly fueled the Fitzgeralds' social life,[108] and the couple consumed gin-and-fruit concoctions at every outing. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife, Zelda, were guilty of many things. After six weeks, Zelda asked for a divorce. ", Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald in eBook form, Catalog of F. Scott Fitzgerald's Personal Library, American Writers: A Journey Through History, F. Scott Fitzgerald in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia, F. Scott Fitzgerald and 'The Last of the Belles', The Great Gatsby: Music from Baz Luhrmann's Film, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F._Scott_Fitzgerald&oldid=1150318875, 20th-century American short story writers, United States Army personnel of World War I, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 April 2023, at 13:05. Born in 1896 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to an upper-middle-class family, Fitzgerald was named after his famous second cousin, three times removed, Francis Scott Key, but was referred to as "Scott." His last meal consisted of a pastrami sandwich from the nearby Greenblatt's Deli. [405], Gatsby remains Fitzgerald's most influential literary work as an author. Zelda Fitzgerald (July 24, 1900 - March 10, 1948), known for her beauty and personality, made a name for herself as a socialite, novelist, dancer, and painter. What Pop Culture Got Wrong About F. Scott Fitzgerald, 12 Novels Considered the Greatest Book Ever Written, 49 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Literature Quizzes, https://www.britannica.com/biography/F-Scott-Fitzgerald, University of South Carolina - Thomas Cooper Library - Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald, American Society of Authors and Writers - F. Scott Fitzgerald, F. Scott Fitzgerald Society - F. Scott Fitzgerald, University of Oxford - Great Writers Inspire - The Curious Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald, F. Scott Fitzgerald - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [116] That year, Fitzgerald released an anthology of eleven stories entitled Tales of the Jazz Age. [21], During his sophomore year, an 18-year-old Fitzgerald returned home to Saint Paul during Christmas break where he met and fell in love with 16-year-old Chicago debutante Ginevra King. [364] His novel, The Great Gatsby, underscores the limits of the American lower class to transcend their station of birth. [28] Her return home ended Fitzgerald's weekly courtship. [76], Fitzgerald's debut novel appeared in bookstores on March26, 1920 and became an instant success. Shortly after their arrival in France, Fitzgerald completed his most brilliant novel, The Great Gatsby (1925). In 1929, Fitzgerald's domestic royalties for, Fitzgerald objected to Zelda naming her heroine's husband Amory Blaine, the name of the protagonist in. [281] In 1952, critic Cyril Connolly observed that "apart from his increasing stature as writer, Fitzgerald is now firmly established as a myth, an American version of the Dying God, an Adonis of letters" whose rise and fall inevitably prompts comparisons to the Jazz Age itself. Its likely that his heavy drinking contributed to his early death: Fitzgerald died of a heart attack on December 21, 1940, in Hollywood, California, at age 44. The stage had failed him, and his first trip to Hollywood as a screenwriter in 1927 was a fiasco. "The ability to hold two competing thoughts in one's mind and still be able to function is the mark of a superior mind". The chaos of World War I left America in a state of distress, and the generation that fought the war turned to profligate living to recompense. "[165] To supplement their income, Fitzgerald often wrote stories for magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire. F. Scott Fitzgerald was a short story writer and novelist considered one of the pre-eminent authors in the history of . [217] His alcoholism resulted in cardiomyopathy, coronary artery disease, angina, dyspnea, and syncopal spells. [230] He saw Zelda for the last time on a 1939 trip to Cuba. Today, Key is known for penning "The Star-Spangled Banner.". Born on September 24, 1896, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to a middle-class Catholic family, Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was named after his distant cousin, Francis Scott Key, who wrote in 1814 the lyrics for the American national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banner". [136] Fitzgerald had been planning the novel since 1923, when he told his publisher Maxwell Perkins of his plans to embark upon a work of art that would be beautiful and intricately patterned. riding in a taxi one afternoon between very tall buildings under a mauve and rosy sky; I began to bawl because I had everything I wanted and knew I would never be so happy again. "Nobody was interested in politics," Fitzgerald declared of this particular generation,[392] and, as "it was characteristic of the Jazz Age that it had no interest in politics at all",[393] Fitzgerald's fiction reflected the contemporary zeitgeist's perfunctory cynicism and aversion to political crusades in the wake of Prohibition. [414] His third novel The Great Gatsby has been adapted numerous times for both film and television, most notably in 1926, 1949, 1958, 1974, 2000, and 2013. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand. Mark Twain. [e][86] Although they were re-engaged, Fitzgerald's feelings for Zelda were at an all-time low, and he remarked to a friend, "I wouldn't care if she died, but I couldn't stand to have anybody else marry her. Deceased on December 21 34. [217] Beginning that year, Fitzgerald mocked himself as a Hollywood hack through the character of Pat Hobby in a sequence of 17 short stories. Fitzgerald uses vivid imagery and metaphors to provide a visual picture of his characters and settings and incorporate deeper meaning beyond . She was 64. The publication of The Great Gatsby prompted poet T. S. Eliot to opine that the novel was the most significant evolution in American fiction since the works of Henry James. Scott Fitzgerald in a letter to H. L. Mencken, 1934[269], At the time of his death, Fitzgerald believed his life a failure and that his work was forgotten. "[106] In Fitzgerald's eyes, the era represented a morally permissive time when Americans became disillusioned with prevailing social norms and obsessed with self-gratification. [202], Fitzgerald's own novel debuted in April 1934 as Tender Is the Night and received mixed reviews. [257] Watched by onlookers, he remarked in a strained voice to Graham, "I suppose people will think I'm drunk. [249] In his spare time, he worked on his fifth novel, The Last Tycoon,[l] based on film executive Irving Thalberg. [257] As the couple left the Pantages Theatre, a sober Fitzgerald experienced a dizzy spell and had difficulty walking to his vehicle. [119] During an intermission, Fitzgerald asked lead actor Ernest Truex if he planned to finish the performance. He was also named after his deceased sister, Louise Scott, one of two sisters who died shortly before his birth. [307][308] Whereas This Side of Paradise had featured workmanlike prose and chaotic organization, The Beautiful and Damned displayed the superior form and construction of an awakened literary consciousness. Now, Donna M. Lucey vividly brings to life these extraordinary lovers and their sweeping, tragic romance. [145] Jozan later dismissed the entire incident and claimed no infidelity or romance had occurred: "They both had a need of drama, they made it up and perhaps they were the victims of their own unsettled and a little unhealthy imagination. In the early 1920s, Scott and Zelda had the world at their feet. [78] She disparaged the teenage Moran as "a breakfast food that many men identified with whatever they missed from life. [364] Although fundamental conflict occurs between entrenched sources of socio-economic power and upstarts who threaten their interests,[366] Fitzgerald's fiction shows that a class permanence persists despite the country's capitalist economy that prizes innovation and adaptability. Fitzgerald was the only son of an unsuccessful, aristocratic father and an energetic, provincial mother. "[140], Work on The Great Gatsby slowed while the Fitzgeralds sojourned on the French Riviera, where a marital crisis developed. [326] Charles Jackson, author of The Lost Weekend, wrote that Gatsby was the only flawless novel in the history of American literature. [6] Edward's first cousin twice removed, Mary Surratt, was hanged in 1865 for conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln. His earliest short stories were cinematically adapted as flapper comedies such as The Husband Hunter (1920), The Chorus Girl's Romance (1920), and The Off-Shore Pirate (1921). F. Scott Fitzgerald married Zelda Sayre on April 3, 1920. [252], Director Billy Wilder described Fitzgerald's foray into Hollywood as like that of "a great sculptor who is hired to do a plumbing job". [160] Hemingway later recalled that, during this early period of their relationship, Fitzgerald became his most loyal friend. [7], One year after Fitzgerald's birth, his father's wicker-furniture manufacturing business failed, and the family moved to Buffalo, New York where his father joined Procter & Gamble as a salesman. [352], As Fitzgerald's writings made him "the outstanding aggressor in the little warfare" between "the flaming youth against the old guard,"[353] a number of social conservatives later rejoiced when he died. Fitzgerald conveyed in The Great Gatsby the sense of hope America promised to its youth and the disappointment its youth felt when America failed to deliver. [137] He had already written 18,000 words for his novel by mid-1923 but discarded most of his new story as a false start. In the spring of 1920 it was published, he married Zelda, and. Exactly how Gatsby made his fortune is not clear but it is clear that he is or was involved in some illegal business. The pair had just one child, named Frances (or "Scottie"). She was far more than merely the wife of writer F. Scott Fitzgerald, who called her "the first American flapper." Fitzgerald at his desk circa 1920. An error has occured while loading the map. Hemingway on Fitzgerald. Magazines now accepted his previously rejected stories, and The Saturday Evening Post published his story "Bernice Bobs Her Hair" with his name on its May 1920 cover. Research devoted solely to this person has either not . Throughout the novel, readers can see evidence of the "roaring twenties.". [97], Fitzgerald's ephemeral happiness mirrored the societal giddiness of the Jazz Age, a term which he popularized in his essays and stories. 'Zelda and I drank with them. "Start by doing what's necessary, then do what's possible, and suddenly you are doing the impossible . [191] In February 1932, she underwent hospitalization at the Phipps Clinic at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Illustration by Owen Freeman. They were impetuous, they were known to drink too much, and they were prone to bouts of serious depression and self-destructive behavior, but no one could ever accuse them of frugality. 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